Here we focus on the mammalian cranial system and review the intrinsic relationship between suture development and morphology and cranial shape from an evolutionary developmental biology perspective, with a view to understanding the influence of sutures on evolutionary diversity. All these sutural functions have a clear impact on overall cranial function, development and morphology, and highlight the importance that patterns of suture development have in shaping the diversity of cranial morphology across taxa. Beyond this crucial role, sutures also function postnatally to provide locomotive shock absorption, allow joint mobility during feeding, and, in later postnatal stages, suture fusion acts to protect the developed brain. In keeping with this, pathological premature closure of sutures postnatally causes profound misshaping of the skull (craniosynostosis). As growth frontiers, cranial sutures are actively responsible for the size and shape of the cranial bones, with overall skull shape being altered by changes to both the level and time period of activity of a given cranial suture. Throughout postnatal craniofacial development, sutures function as sites of bone growth, accommodating expansion of a growing brain. In contrast, less attention is dedicated to the fibrous sutural joints separating the cranial bones. Therefore, the skull is one of the best suited skeletal elements for developmental and evolutionary analyses. Cranial morphology can be quantified using geometric morphometric techniques to offer invaluable insights into evolutionary patterns, ecomorphology, development, taxonomy, and phylogenetics. Diversity of skull function is reflected by its complex and highly variable morphology. The skull performs many functions to enable each species to thrive within its unique ecological niche, from prey acquisition, feeding, sensory capture (supporting vision and hearing) to brain protection. Phenotypic variation across mammals is extensive and reflects their ecological diversification into a remarkable range of habitats on every continent and in every ocean.
3Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.2Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.1Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.White 1,2,3* Anjali Goswami 1,3 Abigail S. Seeking immediate medical assistance is critical for a successful prognosis.Heather E. Most underlying conditions causing suture separation are very serious and possibly life threatening. An eye exam may be conducted to determine whether your child has any sight problems and to look at the optic nerve. Other tests that may be required are blood tests and a spinal tap. Your doctor may want to view the bone structure and inside of your infant’s head by running different diagnostic tests, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound. The doctor may ask you about your child’s appetite, activity level, the duration and progression of the presenting symptom, and other factors related to your child’s physical development. A medical history may be conducted to evaluate the symptoms. The doctor may also look at your child’s soft spots and the veins in their head. The exam will typically involve viewing the scalp and feeling for gaps between the plates to determine the distance between the sutures. Your child’s doctor will likely evaluate them by performing a physical exam. Some conditions and diseases linked to increased intracranial pressure include: Diseases and conditions Diseases and conditions that cause increased pressure in the skull may raise an infant’s risk of suture separation. Head trauma in an infant is an emergency and requires immediate medical assistance. A blow to the head can cause internal bleeding in the brain or a collection of blood on the brain’s surface, known as a subdural hematoma. Trauma Trauma, such as non-accidental child abuse, can cause separation of the sutures as well as a bulging soft spot. Dehydration (a lack of fluid) can also cause sunken fontanels that resemble suture separation.
Your infant can become malnourished if they do not receive the proper nutrients for keeping the connective tissues and bone plates healthy. Nutritional deficiencies Some vitamin and mineral deficiencies can cause a separation of sutures. Some main causes of suture separation are described below. Other causes of suture separation are more serious and deserve immediate attention. In such cases, the ridge typically goes away in a few days, allowing the skull to take on a normal shape. The plates of a newborn’s skull may overlap and form a ridge. A common, nonthreatening cause is childbirth. Suture separation can be caused by variety of factors.
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